11 Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction

Bonds in brick are the interlacement of bricks, formed when they lay those immediately below or above them. It is the method of arranging the bricks in courses so that individual units are tied together and the bricks are vertical joints of the successive courses that do not lie in the same vertical line.

Rules for Bonding in Bricks

For getting good bonding, the following rules should be observed:

1. The bricks should be of uniform size. The length of the brick should be twice its width plus one joint, so a uniform lap is obtained. A good bond is not possible if the lap is non-uniform.
2. The amount of lap should be a minimum of 1/4 brick along the length of the wall and 1/2 brick across the thickness of the wall.
3. The use of brickbats should be discouraged, except in special locations.
4. In the alternate course, the centre line of the header should coincide with the centre line of the stretcher, in the course should be below or above it.
5. The vertical joints in the alternative courses should be along the same perpend.
6. The stretchers should be used only in the facing, they should not be used in the hearing. Hearting should be done in headers only.
7. It is preferable to provide every sixth course as a header course on both sides of the wall.

Types of Bonds in Brick Wall Construction

Following are the types of bonds in brick wall construction:

1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond
5. Facing bond
6. English cross bond
7. Brick-on-edge bond
8. Dutch bond
9. Raking bond
10. Zigzag bond
11. Garden wall bond

Stretcher Bond

A Stretcher bond is one in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers on the face of walls. The length of bricks is thus along the direction of the wall. This pattern is used only for those walls which have a thickness of half brick (i.e. 90 mm). Such as those used as partition walls, sleeper walls, division walls or chimney stacks. The bond is not possible if the thickness of the wall is more.

Header Bond

A header bond is one in which all the bricks are laid as headers on the face of the walls. The width of the bricks is thus along the direction of the wall. The pattern is used only when the thickness of the wall is equal to one brick (i.e. 180 mm). The overlap is usually kept equal to half the width of the brick (i.e. 4 1/2 cm). This is achieved by using three-quarter brickbats in each alternate course as quoins.

This bond does not have the strength to transmit pressure in the direction of the length of the wall. Such bonding in bricks is not suitable for load-bearing walls. However, the bond is especially useful for curved brickwork where the stretchers, if used, would project beyond the face of the wall and would necessitate inconvenient cutting. This is also used in the construction of footing.

English Bond

This type of bond in brickwork is the most commonly used in brick wall construction. This is suitable for all wall thicknesses. This bond is considered to be the strongest. The band consists of an alternative course of headers and stretchers. In this bond, the vertical joints of the header course come over each other; similarly, the vertical joints of the stretcher courses also come over each other. In order to break the vertical joints in the successive, courses, it is essential to place the queen closer after the first header (quoin header) in each heading course.

Flemish Bond

In this type of bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers. Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner (i.e. quoin header). Quoin closers are placed next to the quoin header in an alternate course to develop the face lap. Every header is centrally supported over the stretcher below it. Flemish bonds are of two types:

1. Single Flemish bond
2. Double Flemish bond

A single Flemish bond is the combination of a double Flemish bond and an English bond. This bond uses the strength of the English bond and the appearance of the Flemish bond. Single Flemish bond can be used for those walls having a thickness at least equal to 1 1/2 brick. Double Flemish bond facing is done with good quality expensive bricks. However, cheaper bricks can be used for backing and hearting.

Unlike the Single Flemish bond, the Double Flemish bond consists of the same appearance both in the front as well as in the back face. Alternate header and stretcher are laid in each course. It has a better appearance presentation than English bonds.

Facing Bond

This bond is used where bricks of different thicknesses are to be used in the facing and backing of the wall. In this bond, a header course is provided after several stretcher courses. Since the thickness of bricks is different in the facing and backing, the virtual distance between the successive header course is kept equal to the least common multiple of the thickness of backing and facing bricks.

English Cross Bond

This is the modification of the English Bond. It is done to improve the appearance of the wall. English cross bond combines the requirement of beauty and strength. The special features of the bond are as follows:

1. Alternative courses of headers and stretchers are provided as in English bond.
2. Queen closers are placed next to quoin headers.
3. A header is introduced next to the quoin stretcher in every alternate stretcher course.

Brick On Edge Bond

This type of bond in brick is also known as Silverlock’s bond or Soldier’s course. The type of bond uses stretcher bricks on the edges instead of a bed. This bond is weak in strength but is economical. Hence it is used for garden walls, compound walls, etc. Bricks are kept standing vertically on the end. These bricks are arranged as headers and stretchers in such a manner that headers are placed on the bed and stretchers are placed on the edge thus forming a continuous cavity. Due to this, the bond consumes less number of bricks making it economical.

Dutch Bond

This is another type of modified English bond. In this bond, the corners of the wall are strengthened. Special features of this type of bond are as mentioned below:

1. Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are provided as in the English bond.
2. Every stretcher course starts at the quoin with a three-quarter bat.
3. In every alternate stretcher course, a header is placed next to the three-quarter brick bat provided at the quoin.

Raking Bond

Raking bond is used in thick walls. In this type of bond in brick, the bonding bricks are kept at an inclination to the direction of the wall. Due to this, the longitudinal stability of the thick walls built in English bonds is very much increased. This bond is introduced at certain intervals along the height of the wall. The following are special features of raking bonds:

1. The bricks are arranged in an inclined direction, in the space between the external stretchers of the wall.
2. The raking or inclination should be in the opposite direction in alternate courses of the raking bond.
3. Raking bond is not provided in successive courses. It is provided at a regular interval of four to eight courses at the height of a wall.
4. The raking course is generally provided between the two stretcher courses of the wall having a thickness equal to even multiple of half bricks, to make the bond more effective.

Raking bonds are of two types:

1. Diagonal bond and
2. Herringbone bond

Zig Zag Bond

Bonds in bricks are similar to herring-bone bonds, except that the bricks are laid in a zig-zag fashion. This bond is commonly used for making ornamental panels in brick flooring.

Garden Bond

As the name suggests, this type of bond is used for the construction of garden walls, boundary walls, compound walls, etc. The thickness of the wall is one brick thick and the height does not exceed two meters. Such a type of bond is not strong as an English bond. However, the bond has an attractive appearance. Due to this reason, it is sometimes used in the construction of outer leaves of cavity walls. Garden wall bonds are of the following three types:

1. Garden wall English bond
2. Garden wall Flemish bond
3. Garden wall Monk bond

FAQs:

References:

• SP 62 (S & T): 1997. Handbook on Building Construction Practices. BIS. New Delhi
• Punima, Dr B. C. (2006). Building Construction. Luxmi Publication (P) Limited.
• Types of brick bonding. (n.d.). Designing Buildings. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_brick_bonding

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